Tooth loss in the maxillary arch leads to gradual bone resorption, and the maxillary sinus expansion can complicate the process of replacing natural teeth with dental implants. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of alloplastic grafts, specifically calcium phosphate ceramics—β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)—in preserving bone volume after maxillary sinus augmentation. The intervention consisted of a two-stage sinus floor elevation procedure using β-TCP or BCP as bone substitutes. The comparison group included different bone grafting materials such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, or combinations of these substances. A total of 8 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, including six randomized clinical trials and two cohort studies. Of these, 5 studies provided histological analysis of new bone formation. Sinus sites treated with β-TCP showed new bone formation volumes ranging from 26.92% ± 7.26% to 47.6% ± 9.9%, with the remaining graft volume ranging from 30.39% ± 10.29% to 32.25% ± 8.48%. For sites augmented with BCP, new bone volume ranged from 23.0% ± 8.80% to 43.4% ± 6.1%, and the remaining graft volume was between 16.4% ± 11.4% to 32.9% ± 15.6%. The findings suggest that BCP and β-TCP may yield favorable outcomes in sinus floor elevation procedures, with alloplastic grafts ensuring adequate bone formation and maintaining residual graft particle volume better than other graft materials.
