Over the past several years, a deeper insight into caries pathology alongside innovations in dental biomaterials has sparked growing interest in conservative, non-invasive and minimally invasive alternatives that postpone or eliminate the necessity of conventional restorations. This review evaluates a selection of these modern interventions—such as fluoride varnish, silver diamine fluoride, resin sealants, resin infiltration, chemomechanical removal of decay, and atraumatic restorative treatment—analyzing their underlying chemistry, indications, clinical performance, determinants of success, and inherent constraints. Furthermore, it explores ongoing research aimed at amplifying the antimicrobial potential of these procedures to broaden their clinical utility.
