Written by Luc Van Liedekerke
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly shaping modern orthodontics by enabling highly tailored treatment approaches that improve efficiency and accuracy. This review presents current applications of AI in the field, including predicting patterns of tooth movement, creating individualized aligners, shortening overall treatment timelines, and supporting remote patient monitoring. By leveraging extensive dental datasets such as 3D scans, radiographs, and clinical records, AI can generate trea
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Written by Luminita Fritea
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Dental malocclusions are prevalent worldwide and often require complex, costly orthodontic interventions, negatively affecting patients’ quality of life. In Romania, treatment accessibility is strongly influenced by patients’ financial resources and limited public funding. Mini-implants (MIs) can provide improved anchorage and more efficient treatment, but their adoption is inconsistent due to cost and variability in practitioner training. This study aimed to examine Romanian orthodontists’ usag
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Recently, clear orthodontic aligners have gained attention as devices that may improve oral health outcomes, providing faster treatment and greater comfort compared to conventional fixed braces. This review aimed to systematically assess home-care strategies for maintaining oral hygiene and cleaning aligners during orthodontic therapy. A comprehensive search was conducted across four databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. The review, registered in PROSPERO as CRD 420245
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Written by Bhanu Raghunathan
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
This preliminary randomized clinical trial, designed with two parallel arms, sought to evaluate both the efficiency of tooth movement and patient-reported comfort during alignment and leveling when using the BRIUS™ lingual appliance (BR) compared with conventional labial full fixed appliances (LFFAs). Individuals in permanent dentition presenting with mild to moderate crowding were recruited from the University at Buffalo. Participants were randomly allocated to either the BR group (n = 7) or th
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This study used finite element modeling to explore stress on the dental pulp and neuro-vascular bundle (NVB) in second lower premolars. The analysis aimed to determine ischemic and resorptive risks from 2 N and 4 N orthodontic forces applied during rotation, translation, tipping, intrusion, and extrusion in healthy periodontium. Nine 3D models from nine patients were created, resulting in a total of 90 simulations. Both force levels produced similar stress patterns across the five movements, wit
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Written by Zygimantas Petronis
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
This study examined factors affecting bracket detachment in 197 orthodontic patients (116 females, 81 males; mean age 16.3 years) treated with stainless steel non-self-ligating brackets over an average of 23.7 months. Bracket failure was recorded as the main outcome. Variables included patient demographics, oral hygiene, treatment duration, and cephalometric measures such as overjet, overbite, and skeletal relationships. Overall, 4.4% of brackets failed, with higher rates on posterior teeth and
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Orthodontic tooth movement triggers complex and coordinated remodeling within the periodontal ligament (PDL) and adjacent alveolar bone. In certain clinical situations, such as cleft lip, alveolus, and palate cases, teeth must be guided into surgically augmented bone defects. Although the role of the PDL in tooth displacement is recognized, its response under these conditions is not completely clarified. This study evaluated the PDL after 23 weeks of tooth movement into critical-sized augmented
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Written by Nica-Badea Delia
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) disrupts normal sleep patterns and has wide-ranging effects on overall health, including physical, oral, and mental well-being. This study aimed to determine whether the STOP-Bang and Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaires can reliably identify adults at risk for OSA in the northeastern region of Romania prior to surgery. A cohort of 222 adults completed both the STOP-Bang and Epworth questionnaires. Responses were analyzed using chi-squared tests, ANOVA, and Stude
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Written by Cristina Mennitti
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Dental implants are routinely used to replace missing teeth, and orthodontic mini-screws are commonly applied to provide temporary anchorage for precise tooth movement. These procedures are frequently combined in comprehensive dental care. Although medical histories are generally reviewed before any intervention, undiagnosed bleeding disorders, such as Von Willebrand Disease (VWD), can create significant risks during invasive procedures like implant placement or mini-screw insertion. This report
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Retention after orthodontic treatment relies on continuous alveolar bone remodeling to preserve stability. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation, widely used in managing bone disorders, may support this process by promoting osteogenesis and limiting resorption. In this study, 36 male Wistar rats were assigned to control, PEMF 7-day, and PEMF 14-day groups. Tooth movement was first induced with nickel–titanium coil springs for 21 days, after which retention was simulated by filling the
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Written by Serguei Escalon
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
This review aimed to examine the potential cytotoxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects of materials used in removable orthodontic retainers. A systematic survey of the literature from 2015 to 2025 analyzed studies evaluating in vitro cytotoxicity, estrogenic activity, in vivo tissue reactions, and clinical biomarker responses. Materials assessed included PMMA plates, thermoplastic foils, fiber-reinforced composites, PEEK, and 3D-printed photopolymer resins. Forty-eight studies (38 in vitro, 10
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Written by Rahena Akhter
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
The success of clear aligner treatment depends largely on how effectively forces are transmitted through the aligner and attachment interface. This research investigated how well two clear aligner materials—Duran+ and Zendura FLX—fit against two attachment configurations—rectangular and optimized—at a microscopic level using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fifty-six samples were prepared and divided equally into four groups: Duran+ with rectangular attachments, Zendura FLX with rectangular a
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Written by Qinghuang Tang
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
The injection moulding technique (IMT) offers a minimally invasive approach for restorative dentistry by allowing thin, flowable composite material to be applied into a stable, transparent silicone index that serves as a customized mould. The composite’s fluidity ensures complete adaptation to the mould and intimate integration with the tooth surface, often avoiding the need for any enamel preparation and maintaining tooth integrity. The technique employs a conventional etch-and-rinse protocol a
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Written by Sei Jin Chang
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis are two widespread long-term diseases that influence one another and have major consequences for global health. Periodontitis—an inflammatory gum disorder triggered by microbial imbalance—can make blood sugar regulation harder in diabetic patients, while poorly managed diabetes increases the severity of periodontal tissue destruction. This interaction forms a harmful loop, where immune disruption, infection, and inflammation constantly worsen both diseases and
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Written by Codruta Diana Petchesi
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Despite their clinical relevance, the dental pulp and its neurovascular bundle (NVB) remain insufficiently investigated. This research aimed to identify the most reliable computational approach for estimating ischemic risk in the pulp and NVB of sound mandibular premolars exposed to orthodontic loading within an intact periodontium. Using CBCT data from nine individuals, nine three-dimensional digital models of the mandibular second premolar were developed. Each model was subjected to 3 N of ort
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Written by Anna E. Keller
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
External root resorption (ERR) is a common iatrogenic complication of orthodontic treatment, characterized by the irreversible loss of root structure due to odontoclastic activity. In periodontally compromised patients, who often present with reduced alveolar bone support and chronic inflammation, the risk of ERR is significantly heightened, potentially leading to tooth mobility, loss of attachment, and compromised treatment outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes recent literature from 2020
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Written by Michael T. Anderson
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Alveolar bone loss represents a critical challenge in orthodontic treatment, as it affects the structural integrity of the periodontium and influences the feasibility and outcomes of tooth movement. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 to examine the interplay between alveolar bone morphology, defects, force application, and treatment planning in orthodontics. The alveolar bone's morphology, including thick and thin morphotypes
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Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in patients with periodontal compromise presents unique challenges due to altered biomechanics and increased risk of further tissue damage. This narrative review critically synthesizes existing clinical, biological, and experimental evidence on OTM in periodontally compromised patients, highlighting consensus on interdisciplinary approaches, controversies regarding treatment timing and specific movements, and clinical implications. Literature from 1990 to Novembe
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Written by Marco R. Bianchi
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Orthodontic treatments apply mechanical forces to teeth, facilitating movement through alveolar bone remodeling, but these forces can inadvertently contribute to periodontal tissue breakdown if not carefully managed. This conceptual manuscript proposes a novel integrative mechanistic framework that elucidates bidirectional feedback loops connecting orthodontic mechanical forces with periodontal responses. Key constructs include orthodontic forces inducing periodontal ligament (PDL) stress, which
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Written by Sarah L. McLean
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Periodontitis and orthodontic treatment present a complex interplay, where uncontrolled inflammation can exacerbate alveolar bone loss, while appropriately managed orthodontics can enhance periodontal stability. This conceptual paper proposes a novel mechanistic–clinical hybrid framework that integrates molecular biology, biomechanical principles, clinical risk stratification, and patient behavioral factors to guide orthodontic treatment in periodontitis patients. At the molecular level, cytokin
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Written by Hiroshi Tanaka
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Orthodontic treatment in patients with existing or treated periodontal disease poses unique challenges due to the interplay of biological vulnerabilities, biomechanical stresses, and behavioral factors that can exacerbate periodontal breakdown or compromise treatment outcomes. This conceptual manuscript proposes an original multi-level risk-stratification framework to guide interdisciplinary treatment planning. Drawing from periodontal pathophysiology, bone remodeling biology, orthodontic force-
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Written by William J. Carter
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Orthodontic treatment in patients with reduced periodontium poses significant clinical challenges due to heightened risks of further periodontal breakdown, unpredictable tooth movement, and compromised long-term stability. Existing approaches often rely on empirical guidelines or clinician experience, lacking systematic integration of biological principles. This conceptual paper proposes a novel decision-making framework that translates periodontal biology, bone remodeling mechanisms, and mechan
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Written by Pieter J. van Dijk
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
The increasing prevalence of periodontal disease among adults seeking orthodontic treatment necessitates a robust interdisciplinary approach to optimize outcomes while minimizing risks. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence on the management of adult patients with periodontal compromise undergoing orthodontic therapy, with a focus on timing, sequencing, and risk control. Drawing from peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025, the review highlights the importance of achiev
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Written by Markus L. Schneider
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) relies on the application of controlled mechanical forces to teeth, initiating a cascade of biological events in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. This process involves aseptic inflammation, characterized by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, cellular activation, and tissue remodeling. However, excessive inflammation can lead to periodontal tissue damage, root resorption, and compromised outcomes, particularly in patients with pre-existing
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Written by James R. Whitaker
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Orthodontic treatment involves the application of mechanical forces to teeth, inducing directed tooth movement through adaptive remodeling of the alveolar bone. This process is governed by mechanotransduction, where mechanical stimuli are converted into biochemical signals that orchestrate cellular responses. This narrative review synthesizes recent findings from peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025 on the biology of alveolar bone under orthodontic loading. Key topics include
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Written by Anna K. Weber
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
The integration of periodontal phenotype into orthodontic treatment planning represents a critical advancement for managing periodontally compromised patients. This conceptual paper synthesizes insights from periodontal biology, bone remodeling processes, and orthodontic biomechanics to propose a novel clinical decision framework. Key constructs include periodontal phenotype (thin versus thick biotype), alveolar bone support and defect morphology, orthodontic force magnitude and direction, syste
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Written by Thomas B. Reed
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Periodontitis and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) represent two distinct yet interconnected processes in oral health, both characterized by inflammatory responses that drive bone remodeling. Periodontitis, a chronic bacterial-induced inflammatory disease, leads to progressive destruction of periodontal tissues, including alveolar bone loss through dysregulated immune responses and osteoclast activation. In contrast, OTM is a controlled, aseptic inflammatory process triggered by mechanical force
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Written by Olivia S. Brown
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Orthodontic treatment relies on the application of mechanical forces to achieve tooth movement, but these forces interact with periodontal tissues in complex ways, often exacerbating or being influenced by inflammatory processes. This conceptual paper proposes an integrative mechanistic framework that synthesizes inflammatory signaling, mechanotransduction pathways, and alveolar bone remodeling into a unified causal pathway. Key constructs include orthodontic mechanical forces that initiate mech
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Written by Hiroshi Tanaka
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
The periodontal phenotype, encompassing gingival thickness, keratinized tissue width, and alveolar bone morphology, plays a pivotal role in determining the outcomes of orthodontic treatment, particularly concerning gingival recession, post-treatment stability, and associated risks. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 to elucidate the interplay between periodontal phenotype and orthodontic interventions. Thin periodontal phenotypes
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Written by Daniel M. Hart
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Orthodontic treatment aims to achieve optimal dental alignment and occlusion, yet its success is intricately linked to periodontal health. Plaque accumulation, exacerbated by fixed appliances, can lead to gingival inflammation, periodontal attachment loss, and potential compromise of treatment stability. This narrative review synthesizes recent literature on the interplay between plaque control, periodontal inflammation, and the long-term stability of orthodontic outcomes. Drawing from peer-revi
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Written by Simon P. Baumann
Published on Vol 5 , 2025
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) involves the application of controlled mechanical forces to teeth, inducing alveolar bone remodeling through coordinated resorption and apposition. This process intersects with periodontal bone healing, particularly in contexts where periodontal tissues are compromised or recovering from injury. The present conceptual manuscript proposes a novel integrative theoretical framework that elucidates how OTM modifies periodontal bone healing via biomechanical, molecula
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